![]() Google Seeks to Expand Augmented Reality Capabilities in Android Apps. Google has released a preview version of a new software development kit that will let developers add augmented reality capabilities to existing and upcoming Android applications. The new ARCore SDK works on any Android device running version 7. Nougat of the mobile operating system or a later edition. It is currently available for use on Google's Pixel and Samsung's Galaxy S8 Android smartphones. But it will be supported on close to 1. Google's vice president of Android engineering Dave Burke said on the company's The Keyword blog. · It brings augmented reality capabilities to. Augmented reality at Android. we’re releasing a preview of a new software development kit (SDK). · Google today launched a preview of ARCore, an Android software development kit (SDK) that brings augmented reality to existing and future Android. · . you need an appropriate AR software development kit (SDK. Best Tools for Building Augmented Reality Mobile. Android and iOS augmented reality SDK. · · Google Announces a New Augmented Reality Platform for Android. Today, we’re releasing a preview of a new software development kit (SDK) called ARCore. What is ARToolKit 6? that will allow the AR community to use the software in commercial products as well as for research, education and hobbyist development. ![]() Google is currently working with multiple device manufacturers including Samsung, LG, Asus and Huawei about enabling support for ARCore, he said. Augmented reality technologies give users a way to enhance or to augment live views of a physical environment with digitally generated images and sound. For example an application with AR capabilities would be able to use a smartphone's GPS and location detection capabilities to superimpose the names of streets and buildings on a map, or to overlay directions on a live image of a location. Similarly, it could let users add images of furniture and furnishings on the live image of a room so they can visualize how the room might look. Designers also use the technology to preview a product under development without actually creating a physical example. Google's own effort in this area is best represented by Tango, a mobile AR technology that the company has been working on for the past several years. Tango is a platform that uses computer vision and technologies for motion tracking, depth perception and area learning to enable devices to sense their position in a particular spot, relative to their surroundings. Use our Augmented Reality SDK to render videos, buttons + 3D models in your iOS and Android app. Free Unity, PhoneGap, Cordova plugins. Publicly Traded Augmented Reality CompaniesAugmented Reality SdkA Tango- enabled device is designed to track its own movement and orientation in 3. D space, so it can identify for instance its exact location in a room, determine which way it is facing and remember all objects it has observed in the environment. ARCore is based on Google's Tango development effort. It works without the need for any additional hardware, Burke noted. ARCore's core capabilities include motion tracking, environmental understanding and light estimation. The motion tracking capability uses the phone's camera to observe all the features in a particular location or room and to determine how it is oriented relative to its surrounding so any virtual images that placed within a space remain accurately positioned, Burke said. The light estimation feature gives developers a way to light virtual objects in a room or location more realistically by observing and intelligently using the ambient light in that location. ARCore builds on an ongoing effort by Google to give Android developers more ways to embed AR smarts in their applications. The company has already released tools, such as Tilt Brush and Blocks that are designed to make it easy for developers to create 3. D content and images for use in AR apps. Google is also working on building out its Visual Positioning Service, which is sort of like a GPS for the indoors. A handful of museums and big box locations are currently testing the technology in applications such as helping people find specific items. Augmented Reality SDK for e. Commerce & Retail. Programming language. Native APIAutomatic & triggered animations. Tracker & trackerless visualization. Side- by- side product comparison. Image capture & social sharing. D product database & hosting. Augmented reality viewer. Fully customizable augmented reality viewer: ✔︎.
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H2. O Releases Archive | Audio. SEXMostly, though I still use the Ox. YGe. N version of Native Instruments Pro- 5. Win 7. Yeah, some of them are definitely still useful, but they are fringe cases, in my opinion. NI - Spektral Delay is kind of in that category as there's nothing quite identical and it's no longer available commercially, but then again there was an internal version of it released fairly recently so the ancient version of it isn't necessary anymore. In other words, it's not as rare as it used to be. Ensoniq - PARIS would almost qualify too, but anyone using that now probably has the hacked updates for more modern machines, so.. ![]() The biggest reason I can think of that someone may want any of these releases is because they're trying to open an old project that they've archived and the plugins used are no longer installed. If you're working on something "from the vaults" then you might have to find some really old programs to recall all your effects and settings 1. The Direct- X version of Waves is the big one that comes to mind. ![]() But the reversing legacy programs idea applies too. Shop for the Universal Audio Apollo Twin MKII QUAD Thunderbolt Audio Interface and receive free shipping on your order and the guaranteed lowest price. Statistical Techniques | Statistical Mechanics. Buy Effects Plugins at Gear4music. Discover a range of FX Plugins and VSTs available including Melodyne, Waves plugins, Antares Auto-Tune and much more. Someone knows if there is a place on the web with all past H2O releases? Would love to visit such a museum and download some oldies. ![]() Store & share your files with uploaded. Learn more about our services (video)After entering your e. Mail addres and receipt of your registration you'll simultaneously receive your personal access data from us. This is always free of charge. The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the. In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, ER, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be. Download the free trial version below to get started. Double-click the downloaded file to install the software.Remember when Nintendo used to make everything, from the N64 to the Game Boy Advance, in a clear case? They don’t really do it anymore, but you can pretend they do. Kodi (software) - Wikipedia. Kodi. Kodi 1. 4. 1 Home Screen, shown in German. Developer(s)XBMC Foundation. Initial release. 20. Xbox Media Player), 2. Xbox Media Center)Stable release. Krypton / 2. 2 August 2. Repositoryhttps: //github. Development status. Nox App Player download on Windows 7,8,10 & Mac. Guide to download Nox App Player 5.1.0.0 android emulator for PC. Install Nox Player for FREE!Active. Written in. C++ core, with C++ (binary) or Python scripts as add- ons (plug- in extensions) from third- party developers[citation needed]Operating system. Windows Vista and later, mac. OS, Android, i. OS, tv. OS (Apple TV OS), Linux, and Free. BSDPlatform. ARM, ARM6. The Best Free Screensavers app downloads for Windows: YoWindow Digital Clock-7 The Matrix Screen Saver Dream Aquarium Screensaver Digital Clock Screen. Kodi (formerly XBMC) is a free and open-source media player software application developed by the XBMC Foundation, a non-profit technology consortium. Kodi is. MIPS, Power. PC, IA- 3. Available in. 75+ languages[3]Type. Media player software, smart TV platform, digital media player, digital video recorder. License. GNU GPL (GPLv. Websitekodi. tv. Kodi (formerly XBMC) is a free and open- sourcemedia player software application developed by the XBMC Foundation, a non- profit technology consortium.[4] Kodi is available for multiple operating systems and hardware platforms, with a software 1. It allows users to play and view most streaming media, such as videos, music, podcasts, and videos from the internet, as well as all common digital media files from local and network storage media.[5]It is a multi- platformhome- theater PC (HTPC) application. Kodi is highly customizable: a variety of skins can change its appearance, and various plug- ins allow users to access streaming media content via online services such as Amazon Prime Instant Video, Crackle, Pandora Internet Radio, Rhapsody, Spotify, and You. Tube.[6] The later versions also have a personal video- recorder (PVR) graphical front end for receiving live television with electronic program guide (EPG) and high- definition digital video recorder (DVR) support.[7]The software was created as an independently developed homebrew media player application named Xbox Media Center (abbreviated as XBMC) for the first- generation Xbox game console,[5][8][9] and was later made available under the name XBMC as a native application for Android, Linux, BSD, mac. OS, i. OS/tv. OS, and Microsoft Windows- based operating systems.[1. Because of its open source and cross- platform nature, with its core code written in C++, modified versions of Kodi- XBMC together with a Je. OS have been used as a software appliance suite or software framework in a variety of devices including smart TVs, set- top boxes, digital signage, hotel television systems, network connected media players and embedded systems based on armhf platform like Raspberry Pi. Derivative applications such as Media. Portal and Plex have been spun off from XBMC or Kodi, as well as Just enough operating systems like Open. ELEC and Libre. ELEC.[1. Kodi has attracted negative attention due to the availability of third- party plug- ins for the software that facilitate unauthorized access to copyrighted media content, as well as "fully loaded" digital media players that are pre- loaded with such add- ons; the XBMC Foundation has not endorsed any of these uses, and has taken steps to disassociate the Kodi project from these illegal products, including threatening legal action against those using its trademarks to promote them.[1. Overview[edit]Kodi supports most common audio, video, and image formats, playlists, audio visualizations, slideshows, weather forecasts reporting, and third- party plugins. It is network- capable (internet and home network shares). Unlike other media center applications such as Windows Media Center, Media. Portal and Myth. TV, Kodi does not include its own internal digital TV- tuner code for Live TV or DVR/PVR recording functionality, as instead it acts as a unified DVR/PVR front- end with an EPG TV- Guide GUI interface which, via a common API interface, abstracts and supports multiple back- ends via PVR client add- ons from third parties, with those running either locally on the same machine or over the network.[6][1. Plug- ins, using either C/C++ programming languages to create binary add- ons or the Python scripting language to create Script Addons, expand Kodi to include features such as television program guides, You. Tube, Hulu, Netflix, Veoh, online movie trailer support, and Pandora Radio and podcast streaming. Kodi also functions as a game launcher on any operating system.[1. Kodi's source code is distributed as open source under the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1. US organization, XBMC Foundation, and is owned and developed by a global free software community of unpaid volunteers.[2. Even though the original XBMC project no longer develops or supports XBMC for the Xbox, XBMC on the Xbox is still available via the third- party developer spin- off project "XBMC4. Xbox", which forked the Xbox version of the software and completely took over the development and support of XBMC for the old Xbox. The ending of Xbox support by the original project was also the reason that it was renamed "XBMC" from the old "Xbox Media Center" name, and why it later was renamed "Kodi".[2. The Xbox version of XBMC had the ability to launch console games, and homebrew applications such as emulators. Since the XBMC for Xbox version was never distributed, endorsed, or supported by Microsoft, it always required a modchip or softmod exploit to run on the Xbox game- console.[5][8][9][1. Screenshots[edit]Home Screen of the "Confluence" skin. Home screen of the "PM3. HD" skin. Hardware requirements[edit]Kodi has greater basic hardware requirements than traditional 2. D style software applications: it needs a 3. D capable graphics hardware controller for all rendering. Powerful 3. D GPU chips are common today in most modern computer platforms, including many set- top boxes, and XBMC, now Kodi, was from the start designed to be otherwise very resource efficient for being as powerful and versatile framework as it is. It runs well on what (by Intel Atom standards) are relatively underpowered Open. GL 1. 3 (with GLSL support), Open. GL ES 2. 0 or Direct. D (Direct. X) 9. 0 capable systems that are IA- 3. ARM (AArch. 32 and AArch. Power. PC G4 or later CPU based.[1. When software decoding of a Full HD 1. CPU, a dual- core 2 GHz or faster CPU is required in order to allow for perfectly smooth playback without dropping frames or giving playback a jerky appearance. Kodi can however offload most of the video decoding process onto graphics hardware controller or embedded video processing circuits that supports one of the following types of hardware- accelerated video decoding: [2. Google's Media. Codec API for Android, Intel's VAAPI, Nvidia's VDPAU API, AMD's Xv. BA API, Microsoft's DXVA API, Apple's VDADecoder/Video. Tool. Box APIs, and the Khronos Group's Open. MAX API,[2. 9][3. AMLogic VPU,[3. 1]Freescale's i. MX6x series VPU, and Raspberry Pi's GPU MMAL. By taking advantage of such hardware- accelerated video decoding, Kodi can play back most videos on many inexpensive, low- performance systems, as long as they contain a supported VPU or GPU. Language support[edit]Kodi includes full internationalization and localization support with translations to many different languages by default, with its language files translated to over 7. Available languages in Kodi are: Afrikaans. Albanian. Amharic. Arabic. Armenian. Azerbaijani. Basque. Belarusian. Bosnian. Bulgarian. Burmese. Catalan. Chinese (Simple)Chinese (Traditional)Croatian. Czech. Danish. Dutch. English. English (Australia)English (New Zealand)English (United States of America)Esperanto. Estonian. Faroese. Finnish. French. French (Canada)Galician. German. Greek. Hebrew. Hindi (Devanagari)Hungarian. Icelandic. Indonesian. Italian. Japanese. Korean. Latvian. Lithuanian. Macedonian. Malay. Malayalam. Maltese. Maori. Mongolian (Mongolia)Norwegian. Ossetic. Persian. Persian (Iran)Polish. Portuguese. Portuguese (Brazil)Romanian. Russian. Serbian. Serbian (Cyrillic)Silesian. Sinhala. Slovak. Slovenian. Spanish. Spanish (Argentina)Spanish (Mexico)Swedish. Tajik. Tamil (India)Telugu. Thai. Turkish. Ukrainian. Uzbek. Vietnamese. Welsh. Kodi's structure is such that if the language is not available, or not up- to- date, it can be made by editing simple strings in an XML- file, which can then be submitted to XBMC's project management and bug tracking system tool for use by others, and after version 1. XBMC switched to using Get. Text PO (Portable Object) formatted files for more easily handled translator translations using Transifex web- based translation platform with online crowd- sourced translation services.[3. The latest version of Kodi supports over 7. ROG G3. 1 EDITION 1. Tower PCs. Evolution beyond imagination. ROG G3. 1 EDITION 1. ROG's 1. 0th anniversary and is armed to the teeth with the latest technologies. ROG G3. 1 is built to push the boundaries of small- form- factor desktop gaming. Its compact and menacing 2. NVIDIA® Ge. Force® GTX 1. Way SLI graphics card that lets you view smooth 4. K UHD videos and play the latest games at their highest visual settings. Hashcat每秒计算1. 4亿个密码,破解隔壁WIFI密码 - 方方和圆圆 - 博客园 Hashcat是啥 Hashcat是什么呢?Hashcat是当前最强大的开源密码恢复工具,你可以访问Hashcat. Hashcat 3. 0是一款高级密码恢复工具,可以利用CPU或GPU资源来攻击1. Mac 需要把airodump抓到的 4 次握手文件转换为hccap的格式 txt格式的字典文件 Hashcat和aircrack- ng的对比 使用aricrack- ng暴力破解8位数密码需要5. Hashcat只要1个半小时不到 使用aircrac- ng破解密码的时候计算机会爆卡, 内存占用1. Hashcat破解的时候计算机一点都不卡, Hashcat不但支持CPU破解,还支持GPU破解,利用显卡的计算能力进行极速破解,简直6. CPU或GPU,每秒也能够生成1. Mac Air,破解8位数字需要随机组合6. Hashcat破解只需要1小时4. Hashcat的安装 先把github上面的源码down到本地:git clone https: //github. Usage: hashcat [options].. Options ] - . Options Short / Long | Type | Description | Example. Num | Hash- type, see references below | - m 1. Num | Attack- mode, see references below | - a 3. V, - -version | | Print version |. Print help |. · Hi Daffodil I was starting to think there was no-one having treatment at Aberdeen! Im from the highlands living in Nairn,when did you have your introduction evening? Hashcat is the world’s fastest and most advanced password recovery tool. This version combines the previous CPU-based hashcat (now called hashcat-legacy) and GPU. Statistik. 51.697 Mitglieder - 25.439 Themen - 195.605 Beiträge (64,75 Beiträge pro Tag) Unser neuestes Mitglied heißt: janitis37. ![]() ![]() Suppress output |. Assume charset is given in hex |. Assume salt is given in hex |. Assume words in wordlist is given in hex |. Ignore warnings |. Enable automatic update of the status- screen |. Num | Sets seconds between status- screen update to X | - -status- timer=1. Display the status view in a machine readable format |. Keep guessing the hash after it has been cracked |. Add new plains to induct directory |. Num | Threshold X when to stop checking for weak hashes | - -weak=0. File | Specify hcstat file to use | - -markov- hc=my. ![]() Disables markov- chains, emulates classic brute- force |. Enables classic markov- chains, no per- position |. Num | Threshold X when to stop accepting new markov- chains | - t 5. Num | Abort session after X seconds of runtime | - -runtime=1. Str | Define specific session name | - -session=mysession. Restore session from - -session |. Do not write restore file |. File | Specific path to restore file | - -restore- file- path=my. File | Define outfile for recovered hash | - o outfile. Num | Define outfile- format X for recovered hash | - -outfile- format=7. Disable the use of $HEX[] in output plains |. Num | Sets seconds between outfile checks to X | - -outfile- check=3. Char | Separator charfor hashlists and outfile | - p . Do not crack a hash, instead print candidates only |. Compare hashlist with potfile; Show cracked hashes |. Compare hashlist with potfile; Show uncracked hashes |. Enable ignoring of usernames in hashfile |. Enable remove of hash once it is cracked |. Num | Update input hash file each X seconds | - -remove- timer=3. Do not write potfile |. Dir | Specific path to potfile | - -potfile- path=my. Num | Defines the debug mode (hybrid only by using rules) | - -debug- mode=4. File | Output file for debugging rules | - -debug- file=good. Dir | Specify the induction directory to use for loopback | - -induction=inducts. Dir | Specify the outfile directory to monitor for plains | - -outfile- check- dir=x. Disable the logfile |. File | Keyfiles used, separate with comma | - -truecrypt- key=x. File | Keyfiles used, separate with comma | - -veracrypt- key=x. Num | Vera. Crypt personal iterations multiplier | - -veracrypt- pim=1. Run benchmark |. Return expected speed of the attack and quit |. Return ideal progress step size and time to process |. Num | Sets size in MB to cache from the wordfile to X | - c 3. Num | Sets minimum bits allowed for bitmaps to X | - -bitmap- min=2. Num | Sets maximum bits allowed for bitmaps to X | - -bitmap- max=2. Str | Locks to CPU devices, separate with comma | - -cpu- affinity=1,2,3. I, - -opencl- info | | Show info about Open. CL platforms/devices detected | - I. Str | Open. CL platforms to use, separate with comma | - -opencl- platforms=2. Str | Open. CL devices to use, separate with comma | - d 1. D, - -opencl- device- types | Str | Open. CL device- types to use, separate with comma | - D 1. Num | Manual override Open. CL vector- width to X | - -opencl- vector=4. Num | Enable a specific workload profile, see pool below | - w 3. Num | Manual workload tuning, set outerloop step size to X | - n 6. Num | Manual workload tuning, set innerloop step size to X | - u 2. Num | Workaround NVidias CPU burning loop bug, in percent | - -nvidia- spin- damp=5. Disable temperature and fanspeed reads and triggers |. Num | Abort if GPU temperature reaches X degrees celsius | - -gpu- temp- abort=1. Num | Try to retain GPU temperature at X degrees celsius | - -gpu- temp- retain=9. Enable power tuning, restores settings when finished |. Num | Manually override TMTO value for scrypt to X | - -scrypt- tmto=3. Num | Skip X words from the start | - s 1. Num | Limit X words from the start + skipped words | - l 1. Show keyspace base: mod values and quit |. Rule | Single rule applied to each word from left wordlist | - j 'c'. Rule | Single rule applied to each word from right wordlist | - k '^- '. File | Multiple rules applied to each word from wordlists | - r rules/best. Num | Generate X random rules | - g 1. Num | Force min X funcs per rule |. Num | Force max X funcs per rule |. Num | Force RNG seed set to X |. CS | User- defined charset ? CS | User- defined charset ? CS | User- defined charset ? CS | User- defined charset ? Enable mask increment mode |. Num | Start mask incrementing at X | - -increment- min=4. Num | Stop mask incrementing at X | - -increment- max=8. Hash modes ] - . # | Name | Category. MD4 | Raw Hash. MD5 | Raw Hash. Half MD5 | Raw Hash. SHA1 | Raw Hash. SHA- 2. 24 | Raw Hash. SHA- 2. 56 | Raw Hash. SHA- 3. 84 | Raw Hash. SHA- 5. 12 | Raw Hash. SHA- 3(Keccak) | Raw Hash. Sip. Hash | Raw Hash. Ripe. MD1. 60 | Raw Hash. Whirlpool | Raw Hash. GOST R 3. 4. 1. 1- 9. Raw Hash. 1. 17. 00 | GOST R 3. Streebog) 2. 56- bit | Raw Hash. GOST R 3. 4. 1. 1- 2. Streebog) 5. 12- bit | Raw Hash. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. CX) | Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. Raw Hash, Salted and / or Iterated. HMAC- MD5 (key = $pass) | Raw Hash, Authenticated. HMAC- MD5 (key = $salt) | Raw Hash, Authenticated. HMAC- SHA1 (key = $pass) | Raw Hash, Authenticated. HMAC- SHA1 (key = $salt) | Raw Hash, Authenticated. HMAC- SHA2. 56 (key = $pass) | Raw Hash, Authenticated. HMAC- SHA2. 56 (key = $salt) | Raw Hash, Authenticated. HMAC- SHA5. 12 (key = $pass) | Raw Hash, Authenticated. HMAC- SHA5. 12 (key = $salt) | Raw Hash, Authenticated. DES (PT = $salt, key = $pass) | Raw Cipher, Known- Plaintext attack. DES (PT = $salt, key = $pass) | Raw Cipher, Known- Plaintext attack. Skip. 32 (PT = $salt, key = $pass) | Raw Cipher, Known- Plaintext attack. Generic KDF. 8. 90. Generic KDF. 1. 19. PBKDF2- HMAC- MD5 | Generic KDF. PBKDF2- HMAC- SHA1 | Generic KDF. PBKDF2- HMAC- SHA2. Generic KDF. 1. 21. PBKDF2- HMAC- SHA5. Generic KDF. 2. 3 | Skype | Network protocols. WPA/WPA2 | Network protocols. SCSI CHAP authentication, MD5(Chap) | Network protocols. IKE- PSK MD5 | Network protocols. IKE- PSK SHA1 | Network protocols. ![]() Debian Install Postfix Php Mail Configuration YahooWebmin. The following modules are included as standard with release 1. Webmin. You can also download and re- install any modules from this page that you may. Webmin on your system. Name. Download. Description. Supports. ADSL Clientadsl- client. Set up a PPP client with the RP- PPPo. Debian Install Postfix Php Mail Configuration In PhpE package. Only Linux. Apache Webserverapache. Configure almost all Apache directives and features. Most operating systems. BIND DNS Serverbind. Create and edit domains, DNS records, BIND options and views. Most operating systems. BSD Firewallipfw. Configure a BSD firewall using IPFW, by creating and editing rules. How do I install and configure monit to restart services such as Nginx/Apache/OpenVPN server when failed on Debian or Ubuntu Linux? Monit is a free and open source. How to set up a mail server on a GNU / Linux system Step by step guide to install Postfix Ubuntu + Postfix + Courier/Dovecot IMAP + MySQL + Amavisd-new + SpamAssassin. Test if postfix can send emails. Find out why emails are getting delayed, load on postfix mail queues, reading emails from mail queue and more. Free. BSD and Mac OS XBackup Configuration Filesbackup- config. Perform manual or scheduled backups and restores of configuration files managed by Webmin modules. All operating systems. Bacula Backup Systembacula- backup. Configure Bacula to perform backups and restores manually or on schedule, for one or many systems. All operating systems. Bandwidth Monitoringbandwidth. View reports on bandwidth usage by host, port, protocol and time on a Linux system. All except Windows. Bootup and Shutdowninit. Setup scripts to be run at boot time from /etc/init. Most operating systems. CD Burnerburner. wbm. Burn data CDs from ISO images or selected directories. All except Windows. Change Language and Themechange- user. Allows the current Webmin user to change his language, theme and possibly password. All operating systems. Change Passwordspasswd. Change the password of any user on the system. All except Windows. Cluster Change Passwordscluster- passwd. Change passwords on multiple systems in a Webmin cluster at once. All except Windows. Cluster Copy Filescluster- copy. Schedule the transfer of files from this server to multiple servers in a Webmin cluster. All operating systems. Cluster Cron Jobscluster- cron. Create scheduled Cron jobs that run on multiple servers simultaneously. Most operating systems. Cluster Shell Commandscluster- shell. Run commands on multiple servers at once. All operating systems. Cluster Software Packagescluster- software. Install RPMs, debian and solaris packages across multiple servers from one source. Most operating systems. Cluster Usermin Serverscluster- usermin. Install and manage modules and themes across multiple Usermin servers. All except Windows. Cluster Users and Groupscluster- useradmin. Create, update and delete users and groups across multiple servers. Unlike NIS, each server has its own passwd and group files which are remotely updated by this module. Most operating systems. Cluster Webmin Serverscluster- webmin. Install and manage modules, themes, users, groups and access control settings across multiple Webmin servers. All operating systems. Command Shellshell. Execute shell commands and view their output. All operating systems. Custom Commandscustom. Create buttons to execute commonly used commands or edit files on your system. All operating systems. DHCP Serverdhcpd. Manage shared networks, subnets, hosts and groups for ISC DHCPD. Most operating systems. Disk Quotasquota. Setup and edit user or group disk quotas for local filesystems. Most operating systems. Disk and Network Filesystemsmount. Mount filesystems and swap files usually configured in /etc/fstab or /etc/vfstab. Most operating systems. Dovecot IMAP/POP3 Serverdovecot. Configure the Dovecot IMAP and POP3 mail retrieval server. All except Windows. Fail. 2Ban Intrusion Detectorfail. Fail. 2ban protects your system from brute force attacks by detecting them and blocking their source IPs. All operating systems. Fetchmail Mail Retrievalfetchmail. Configure the popular fetchmail program for automatically retrieving mail from other servers. All except Windows. File Managerfilemin. Schneller, kleiner Datei Manager geschrieben in Perl. All operating systems. Filesystem Backupfsdump. Backup and restore filesystems using the dump and restore family of commands. Most operating systems. Filter and Forward Mailfilter. Create rules to filter and forward incoming email. All operating systems. Firewall. Dfirewalld. Configure a Linux firewall using Firewall. D, by editing allowed services and ports. Only Linux. GRUB Boot Loadergrub. Configure the Linux GRUB boot loader to allow the selection of various operating systems and kernels at boot time. Linux and Smart. OSHTTP Tunneltunnel. Connect to another HTTP server via a tunnel through the Webmin server. All operating systems. Heartbeat Monitorheartbeat. Configure the Heartbeat package for automatic server failover in a cluster. Linux and Free. BSDIPFilter Firewallipfilter. Configure a firewall using the IPFilter package, by creating and editing rules. Only Smart. OSIPsec VPN Configurationipsec. Set up a client or server for an IPsec VPN using Free. SWAN. Only Linux. Initial System Bootupinittab. Configure low- level services to be run at boot time, and select the initial runlevel. Most operating systems. Jabber IM Serverjabber. Configure the multi- protocol Jabber messaging server. All except Windows. Java File Managerfile. View, edit and change permissions on files and directories on your system with a Windows- like file manager. All operating systems. Kerberos. 5krb. 5. Configure the Kerberos 5 client on your system. Only Linux. LDAP Clientldap- client. Configure your system as an LDAP client for users and groups. Only Linux. LDAP Serverldap- server. Manage the Open. LDAP server and objects in its database. All operating systems. LDAP Users and Groupsldap- useradmin. Manage users and groups stored in an LDAP database, used for Unix, Samba and Cyrus IMAP authentication. All except Windows. Linux Firewallfirewall. Configure a Linux firewall using iptables. Allows the editing of all tables, chains, rules and options. Only Linux. Linux IPv. Firewallfirewall. Configure a Linux firewall using ip. Allows the editing of all tables, chains, rules and options. Only Linux. Linux RAIDraid. Create RAID 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 1. Linux system. Only Linux. Log File Rotationlogrotate. Set up the automatic rotation of Apache, Squid, Syslog and other log files. All except Windows. Logical Volume Managementlvm. Configure volume groups, physical volumes and logical volumes for Linux LVM. Only Linux. MIME Type Programsmailcap. Edit the /etc/mailcap file, which maps MIME types to handler programs. All except Windows. MON Service Monitormon. Setup MON, a powerful service monitor and alerting system. Only Linux. My. SQL Database Servermysql. Setup databases, tables and permissions in your My. SQL database server. All operating systems. NFS Exportssgiexports. Edit file shares as defined in the Irix /etc/exports file. Only SGI Irix. NFS Exportsbsdexports. Edit file shares from the Free. BSD /etc/exports file. Most operating systems. NFS Exportsexports. Edit NFS file shares defined in /etc/exports. Most operating systems. NFS Exportshpuxexports. Edit file shares as defined in the HPUX /etc/exports file. Only HP/UXNFS Sharesdfsadmin. Edit file shares as defined in the /etc/dfs/dfstab file. Smart. OS and SCO Unix. Ware. NFS v. 4 Exportsexports- nfs. Edit NFS v. 4 file shares defined in /etc/exports. Most operating systems. NIS Client and Servernis. Setup a system as an NIS client, master or slave server. Note that NIS+ is not supported. Most operating systems. Network Configurationnet. Configure boot time and active interfaces, DNS, routing and /etc/hosts. Most operating systems. Network Servicesxinetd. Edit servers handled by Xinetd, a replacement for inetd. All operating systems. Network Services and Protocolsinetd. Edit services in /etc/inetd. Most operating systems. Open. SLP Serveropenslp. Configure the service location protocol server. All except Windows. PAM Authenticationpam. Configure the PAM authentication steps used by services such as telnet, POP and FTP. Most operating systems. PHP Configurationphpini. Configure PHP settings for the whole system or individual Apache virtual servers. All except Windows. PPP Dialin Serverpap. Set up a dialin server using mgetty and PPP. Most operating systems. PPP Dialup Clientppp- client. Configure the WV- Dial package to connect to the Internet with a modem PPP connection. Only Linux. PPTP VPN Clientpptp- client. Configure and establish connections to a VPN server using the PPTP protocol. Only Linux. PPTP VPN Serverpptp- server. Set up your system as a PPTP server so that Linux or Windows VPN clients can connect. Linux and Free. BSDPartitions on Local Disksformat. Create and edit paritions on local disks on Solaris. Only Smart. OSPartitions on Local Disksbsdfdisk. Create and edit paritions on local SCSI and IDE disks on Free. BSD. Only Free. BSDPartitions on Local Disksfdisk. Set up a mail server with Postfix. Admin and Maria. DB on Cent. OS 7 – Rose. Hosting. Blog. In this guide, we will explain how to setup and configure a mail server with Postfix. Admin, Postfix, Dovecot, Maria. DB and Spam. Assasin on a Cent. OS VPS. Postfix. Admin is a PHP- based web front- end that allows you to manage virtual domains and users for a Postfix mail transport agent. This guide should work on other Linux VPS systems as well but was tested and written for a Cent. OS 7 VPS. If you use an Ubuntu VPS, follow our tutorial to set up a mail server with Postfix, Dovecot, Spamassassin, SQLite and Postfix. Admin on an Ubuntu 1. VPSIf you want to use SQLite instead of Maria. DB, follow our tutorial to set up a mail server with Postfix, Dovecot, Spamassassin, SQLite and Postfix. Admin on a Cento. OS 7 VPSUpdate the system and install necessary packagesyum update & & yum install wget nano. Create system user. For security reasons, we will create a new system user who will be the owner of all mailboxes. Virtual Mail User" vmail. R 7. 70 /var/vmail. R vmail: mail /var/vmail. Install Maria. DBMaria. DB 5. 5 is shipped in the default Cent. OS 7 repository, to install it just run: yum install mariadb- server. To start the Maria. DB service and enable it to start on boot, execute the following commands: systemctl start mariadb. Run the following command to secure your Maria. DB installation: mysql_secure_installation. Next, we need to create a database for our postfixadmin. HQ instance. mysql - uroot - p. Maria. DB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE postfixadmin. Maria. DB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON postfixadmin.* TO 'postfixadmin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'strong_password'. Maria. DB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES. Maria. DB [(none)]> \q. Install PHP and all necessary PHP modules. Cent. OS 7 ships with PHP version 5. PHP and necessary modules, run: yum install php php- mysql php- imap php- mbstring php- common. If you don’t have Apache installed, install it with: yum install httpd. Install Postfix. Admin. The latest version of Postfix. Admin, version 3, supports My. SQL/Maria. DB, Postgre. SQL, and SQLite databases. In this guide, we will use Maria. DB. Download the Postfix. Admin archive from Source. Forge and extract it in the /var/www/html/ directory: wget - q - O - "https: //downloads. C /var/www/html. Open the mail configuration file and edit the following values: nano /var/www/html/postfixadmin- 3. CONF['configured'] = true. CONF['database_type'] = 'mysqli'. CONF['database_host'] = 'localhost'. CONF['database_user'] = 'postfixadmin'. CONF['database_password'] = 'strong_password'. CONF['database_name'] = 'postfixadmin'. CONF['domain_path'] = 'NO'. CONF['domain_in_mailbox'] = 'YES'. R apache: /var/www/html/postfixadmin- 3. To populate the database go to https: //Your_IP_Address/postfixadmin- 3. Testing database connection - OK - mysqli: //postfixadmin: [email protected]/postfixadmin. Everything seems fine.. Create a new admin user: bash /var/www/html/postfixadmin- 3. Install and configure postfix. To install postfix run the command bellow: yum install postfix. Once the installation is completed, we need to create configuration files: mkdir - p /etc/postfix/sql/nano /etc/postfix/sql/mysql_virtual_alias_domain_catchall_maps. SELECT goto FROM alias,alias_domain WHERE alias_domain. CONCAT('@', alias_domain. AND alias. active = 1 AND alias_domain. SELECT maildir FROM mailbox,alias_domain WHERE alias_domain. CONCAT('%u', '@', alias_domain. AND mailbox. active = 1 AND alias_domain. SELECT goto FROM alias,alias_domain WHERE alias_domain. CONCAT('%u', '@', alias_domain. AND alias. active = 1 AND alias_domain. SELECT goto FROM alias WHERE address='%s' AND active = '1'. SELECT domain FROM domain WHERE domain='%s' AND active = '1'. SELECT domain FROM domain WHERE domain='%s'. MX. #query = SELECT domain FROM domain WHERE domain='%s' AND backupmx = '0' AND active = '1'. SELECT quota FROM mailbox WHERE username='%s' AND active = '1'nano /etc/postfix/sql/mysql_virtual_mailbox_maps. SELECT maildir FROM mailbox WHERE username='%s' AND active = '1'. Stuck somewhere? Get a VPS from us and we’ll do all of this for you, free of charge! We’ll completely set up and configure a mail server for you. Edit the main. cf file: postconf - e "myhostname = $(hostname - f)". Open the master. cf file, find submission inet n and smtps inet n sections and edit as follows: nano /etc/postfix/master. ORIGINATING. smtps inet n - n - - smtpd. ORIGINATING. Enable the postfix servicesystemctl enable postfix. Install and Configure Dovecot. Install dovecot with My. SQL support using the command bellow: yum install dovecot dovecot- mysql. Open the /etc/dovecot/conf. Open the /etc/dovecot/conf. Create a new dovecot- sql. MD5- CRYPT. password_query = SELECT username as user, password, '/var/vmail/%d/%n' as userdb_home, 'maildir: /var/vmail/%d/%n' as userdb_mail, 1. FROM mailbox WHERE username = '%u' AND active = '1'. SELECT '/var/vmail/%d/%u' as home, 'maildir: /var/vmail/%d/%u' as mail, 1. AS uid, 8 AS gid, concat('dirsize: storage=', quota) AS quota FROM mailbox WHERE username = '%u' AND active = '1'. In the /etc/dovecot/conf. SSL support: ssl = yes. Open the /etc/dovecot/conf. Open the /etc/dovecot/conf. Change the service auth- worker section to the following: service auth- worker {. Set the permissions: chown - R vmail: dovecot /etc/dovecot. R o- rwx /etc/dovecot. Enable and restart the dovecot servicesystemctl enable dovecot. Install and configure Spamassassin. Install spamassassin using the command bellow: yum install spamassassin. Create a spamassassin system user: groupadd spamd. Configure Postfix to use Spam. Assassin. Open the master. R user=spamd argv=/usr/bin/spamc - e /usr/sbin/sendmail - oi - f ${sender} ${recipient}Enable and restart the spamassassin servicesystemctl enable spamassassin. Restart the postfix servicesystemctl restart postfix. If everything is set up correctly now you should be able to log in to your Postfix. Admin backend by going to http: //Your_IP_Address/postfixadmin- 3. Of course, you don’t have to do any of this if you use one of our Mail Server Hosting services, in which case you can simply ask our expert Linux admins to set up a mail server for you. They are available 2. PS. If you liked this post please share it with your friends on the social networks using the buttons below or simply leave a comment in the Comments Section below. The Best Budget OBD2 Car Diagnostic Tool. If you have a decent working knowledge of cars, you probably already know that there’s no real substitute for the car diagnostic tools that a professional diagnostic technician has at his or her disposal. Those tools, of course, typically consist of something like a Snap- on MODIS and a whole lot of prior experience diagnosing similar problems. ![]() However, technology has come a long way in recent years, and there are definitely ways for a determined do- it- yourselfer to save some money during tough economic times. Getting at the Codes.
Best Car Computer DiagnosticThe simplest "scan tools" are really just OBD- II code readers and that may be what your local parts store tries to sell or rent to you. This type of scan tool tends to be very affordable, and it can get you on the right track, but knowing the trouble code is only the first step in a potentially long and complicated diagnostic process. Top selling car computer diagnostic software is a great quality product - buy now and save big! Find more similar products like the car computer diagnostic software. ![]() Live Data Streaming. In order to be a really useful car diagnostic tool, a scanner should have the ability to interface with the car’s computer and display live data. Some scan tools are only designed to show a long list of all the available data values, while others allow you to pull specific parameter IDs (PIDs) and create a custom list. That can be tremendously useful during the diagnostic process since it allows you to watch for problems during a test drive. You can find decent scanners that perform those functions for under a hundred dollars, although the cheapest option may be an ELM 3. These “scanners” plug into your OBD2 port and use an ELM 3. USB connection. If you have one of those devices already, then you should be able to buy some premium ELM 3. The Best Car Diagnostic Tools Include Diagnostic Procedures. The one thing that all “affordable” code readers and scan tools lack is the knowledge base that the best car diagnostic tools like the MODIS come with. In addition to pulling codes and displaying data in a highly efficient manner, professional scanners also provide technicians with diagnostic procedures to follow in order to get to the root of a problems. In some cases, that includes specific procedures to test whether various components are in working order, which is the only way to avoid the “throw parts at it” method of car repair. Most good shops also have access to programs like Mitchell and Alldata that also provide invaluable diagnostic flow charts and testing procedures. Learn more about: Scan Tools Vs. Code Readers. Professional diagnostic technicians also have a wealth of personal experience to draw on, and no affordable car diagnostic tool is going to provide either that or the diagnostic procedures you’d get from a tool like a MODIS or software like Alldata. Of course, that doesn’t mean you’re out of luck. Like it’s done in so many other areas, the Internet has proven to be a leveler in the field of automotive diagnostics. There are a variety of free (and paid) services available that you can use in conjunction with an affordable scan tool, like an ELM 3. The key thing to remember is that if you’re experiencing a problem with your car, somebody else has probably experienced it before, and he’s probably posted about it to the Internet. Citoyens d'honneur 2015. Ce vendredi 14 août à 15h30, en prélude aux festivités du 15 août à Liège, s'est tenue la cérémonie de remise des distinctions de.Memoire Online - La problématique de la communication interne dans le management des organisations: une analyse critique des pratiques de la CNSSIII- 2. La communication. ![]() ![]() Alors qu'informer vient du latin informare, donner. La communication. Pour Neveu Eric : « Informer. Au niveau de l'organisation stricto sensu, malgré. Bernard. MIEGE qui nous semble la plus complète au regard de nos objectifs. On peut en effet admettre avec cet auteur que la communication. Forger une identité forte et valorisée de. Aider à l'émergence d'un nouveau management du. Participer à la modernisation de la production, des. III- 2. 2 La communication interne. Selon de nombreux auteurs, la communication interne est. ![]() Mais on peut avancer avec Claude Duterme. Pour certains universitaires réputés du domaine. Ainsi, selon Norbert Wienert" Tout. L'organisation doit donc. Dans sa composante managériale, la communication. Autrement, le pré. Sans une réelle communication interne. Il y' a alors beaucoup de bruit, mais. III- 2. 3 Le Management« Le management est une activité humaine. Définition de. Jean- Michel Plane. De ce point de vue, le management se. Derrière l'appellation "management", on. Le manager est un artiste, un créateur dont le principe est de savoir et. Le management de ce. Selon le père du management moderne, Peter. Drucker : « La tâche du manager (et du. En procédant par analogie, on pourrait le. Mais le chef d'orchestre dispose de la partition du compositeur. III-2) CADRE CONCEPTUEL. III-2.1 La communication. Alors qu'informer vient du latin informare, donner forme, façonner l'esprit, communiquer, du latin communicare. Dès l’origine, la doctrine du droit international s’est interrogée sur la condition de l’étranger et sur l’articulation entre souveraineté de l’État. Home > Permis B > Tout savoir sur l’examen théorique Comment puis-je me former? Via une école de conduite : Vous suivez 12 heures de formation. Il n'en est. que l'exécutant, tandis que le manager est à la fois compositeur. La communication joue un rôle irremplaçable. Elle permet de résoudre les. Pour. Jean- Marie Peretti : « Nous. Cette définition fait intervenir une donnée. Il. s'agit d'un ensemble d'idées, de croyances, de traditions, de valeurs et. La dimension qui intéresse l'organisation, c'est celle. Cette dimension relève de l'ordre des. La culture d'une organisation constitue alors un. La circulation de tous ces éléments se fait par le. III- 2. 4 L'organisation. Selon F. Gortner et. La définition formelle la plus. Une entreprise, une association une école, un parti. Les organisations possèdent des. Une première caractéristique des. Les organisations pour répondre. Ainsi, Réné Lourau affirme. Il. faut aussi tenir compte du fait qu'elle produit des modèles de. Cela suppose des réseaux de communication entre. Dès lors que leurs objectifs stratégiques se. Il y a grand intérêt à suivre les. Les structures plates caractérisées par la. IV- METHODOLOGIELe choix de la CNSS pour la présente étude n'est. Structure en charge de la gestion du régime de. En ce qui concerne la protection sociale stricto- sensu, le. Burkina Faso connaît la présence de deux types de. Les structures étatiques et para étatiques sont. CNSS et de la Caisse Autonome de Retraite des. Fonctionnaires (CARFO). La CNSS oeuvre pour la protection sociale des. CARFO s'occupe des agents de. Ces deux structures sont en principe. Quant aux structures privées, elles regroupent les. Elles sont fondées sur. Ce sont des. sociétés purement commerciales. Au regard de cette situation, il convient alors de comprendre. Ainsi, pour ce mémoire, quatre (0. La recherche documentaire- L'observation participante- L'enquête par questionnaire- L'entretien semi- dirigé La recherche documentaire s'est attelée à faire. L'observation participante directe a porté sur les diverses. CNSS. Quant aux sondages par questionnaire et aux entretiens, ils ont servi à. CNSS. sur la problématique de notre thème d'étude. IV- 1 LA RECHERCHE DOCUMENTAIRE A propos de recherche documentaire, plusieurs. Ainsi. avons- nous eu recours à la bibliothèque du département. Communication et Journalisme, au Centre Culturel Français, au Centre. Culturel Américain, au Centre d'Information et de Recherche sur le. CNSS, etc. Au sein de l'organisation, nous avons consulté des. Tous ces. documents nous ont servi de balises. En outre, des mémoires sur la. Association. Burkinabè pour le Management de Qualité (ABMAQ), des ouvrages. Pour tous les domaines de cette étude, Internet a. IV- 2 L'OBSERVATION PARTICIPANTESi les pratiques peuvent être. Depuis l'école de. Palo Alto, les plus grands théoriciens s'accordent à. Ce n'est justement que par une observation minutieuse qu'on peut un tant soit. Pour aborder son terrain, le chercheur a plusieurs. La plus courante mise en oeuvre par les ethnologues. Malisnowski, consiste. C'est cette posture qui est. De l'avis du Pr Serge Théophile. Balima et de Marie- Soleil. Frère : « Le but de la démarche. Il s'agit de vivre de l'intérieur la. Notre observation est donc dite in situ. Cette stratégie nous a permis de décrire et de. Pour notre. démarche, nous avons opté pour l'approche localisée. Ce. choix se justifie par le fait que notre objet consiste en une étude. Concrètement, notre observation s'est faite tout au. COMREX) de la CNSS. Au cours de ce temps, nous avons. CNSS. Nous avons également observé les modes d'actions du. COMREX, jaugé de l'importance accordée à la communication. Cette observation était de nature. La dimension psychosociologique renvoyait aux individus et. Cet aspect est ordinairement étudié via. La dimension managériale visait à observer les. En fait, lorsqu'on. IV- 3 L'ENQUETE PAR QUESTIONNAIREComme l'expliquent R. Quivy et L. Van. Campenhoudt, l'enquête par questionnaire « consiste à poser à un ensemble. L'enquête par questionnaire à. De. ce fait, ces enquêtes sont généralement beaucoup plus. Sangaré/ Compaoré Nestorineajoute pour sa part que : «. Quand la population choisie est. C'est à la. lumière de toutes ces définitions, que nous avons. CNSS siège(. Directeurs, Chefs de service, de section et les simples agents) sous Idrissa. Zampaligré. En son temps, nous avions entrepris de rencontrer le. Directeur Général en personne. Mais pour des raisons de. Concrètement, notre enquête a donc. En dépit du changement directorial, nous pensons que. En vérité, à la CNSS, comme l'ont. Le nouveau DG hérite donc de vieux problèmes. Voici comment se présentent les données. Source : Enquête de terrain. Sur un effectif total de 2. Direction des Ressources Humaines. DRH), 1. 03 représente un taux de 3. Ce pourcentage peut. Notre population- cible a été. Les échantillons. Le hasard du sens commun dont il est question. Concrètement, il s'est. Notre choix de limiter le sondage aux seuls agents de la CNSS. Pour le questionnaire, nous avons une alternance de questions. L'objectif c'est de permettre aux. Pour cela, nous avons retenu l'administration directe. L'enquêté rempli lui même le questionnaire). On. espère éviter ainsi toute influence. La collecte des. données s'est faite à la CNSS pendant les heures de service. Pour les besoins de notre étude, nous avons opté. Dans cette. technique, il s'agit d'ajouter à un noyau d'individus. On dégage alors un système de relation. L'échantillon. en boule de neige permet d'analyser le comportement des individus par rapport. La présence de. l'interaction permanente permet ainsi de ne pas les considérer comme. Cette technique nous a permis d'établir des rapports. Concrètement, le questionnaire est structuré en. La première partie consacrée à l'image. CNSS de façon générale. Elle vise également à faire le point des. Cela nous. paraît nécessaire dans la mesure où l'on sait qu'un bon. L'image interne en particulier quand elle est jugée. La deuxième partie est axée sur l'organisation. Elle cherche. à mieux cerner tous les canaux et outils utilisés par la CNSS. La troisième partie se focalise sur le management et la. Dans les grandes lignes, elle nous permet d'avoir une. CNSS, du sentiment. Enfin la dernière partie est réservée aux. CNSS. PRESENTATION DES VARIABLESD'une manière générale, est. Définie ainsi, une variable est un caractère qui peut prendre des. Pour le cas spécifique de la CNSS, nous avons retenu. La variable « poste. Dans une entreprise, le poste occupé joue un rôle. Selon. que l'on soit Directeur Général ou agent de liaison, on n'a pas. Dans le cas de la CNSS, cette variable nous permet justement de. La variable « ancienneté dans le. Dans sa conception actuelle, la CNSS comprend une. Il y en a qui sont à leurs débuts tout comme. L'ancienneté dans le service peut être. La. répartition selon le nombre d'années de service est la. Source : Enquête de terrain- La variable « niveau. Ici, il s'agit de savoir qui a le niveau du primaire, du. Evidemment, lorsque nous parlons « d'aucun. Il s'agit exactement de ceux qui ne sont pas allés à. Cela ne veut cependant pas dire qu'ils sont dépourvus. Notre objectif ici, c'est juste de disposer d'une variable. A la CNSS, le niveau d'instruction permet. Liberté de circulation : un droit, quelles politiques ?« Rien peut- être ne rend plus sensible le formidable recul qu’a subi le monde depuis la Première Guerre mondiale que les restrictions apportées à la liberté de mouvement des hommes et, de façon générale à leurs droits (..) Il n’y avait pas de permis, pas de visas, pas de mesures tracassières ; ces mêmes frontières, qui, avec leurs douaniers, leur police, leurs postes de gendarmerie, sont transformées en un système d’obstacles, ne représentaient rien que des lignes symboliques qu’on traversait avec autant d’insouciance que le méridien de Greenwich [1] ». Cette vision d’un « âge d’or » où chacun circulait librement, décrit par Stefan Zweig dans ses souvenirs, ne doit pas être idéalisée : les conditions d’existence des immigrés étaient en effet marquées par une grande précarité, du fait de l’absence de protection dans les rapports avec les employeurs, de xénophobie et de discriminations de toutes sortes. Reste que, au tournant du XXe siècle, les contrôles migratoires ne pesaient pas comme aujourd’hui sur ceux qui cherchaient à fuir leur pays. Le « système d’obstacles » qui, au cours des années 1. Les guérites, les hommes en armes, les barbelés, les visas et autres papiers d’identité n’ont pas disparu et sont maintenant doublés de dispositifs électroniques, de données biométriques, de techniques de fichage et de contrôles à distance. Ces funestes évolutions font que le « droit à quitter son propre pays » reconnu par la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme de 1. Nord. Les exilés sont refoulés, certains sont internés dans des camps, d’autres disparaissent avant même d’avoir pu atteindre les rivages des pays qui les rejettent en tant qu’« indésirables ». Les chercheurs et militants qui ont contribué à ce volume montrent comment la politique dite de « fermeture des frontières » s’est muée, au cours des années 1. Les coûts humains, sociaux et économiques d’une « gestion des migrations » qui s’attaque aux droits et aux intérêts des migrants et des pays du Sud sont maintenant bien connus. Ces constats de plus en plus partagés ont d’ailleurs contribué à ce que la critique de la fermeture des frontières s’étende et s’approfondisse. Les rares groupes militants qui, au milieu des années 1. Aujourd’hui, l’appel à « lever les barrières [3] » n’est plus l’apanage de la critique radicale. Une réflexion se met en place sur les réformes à entreprendre pour y parvenir. Cette réflexion ne défend pas le retour au « monde d’hier », dans lequel la circulation était permise sans être accompagnée d’un droit à l’installation, favorisant ainsi l’exploitation économique des migrants. Elle écarte également pour les mêmes raisons de nouvelles formes contraintes de mobilité (comme les migrations « circulaires », prônées dans le cadre de la gestion « concertée » des flux migratoires). Liberté de circulation, liberté d’installation et égalité des droits forment un triptyque hors duquel les politiques d’immigration ne peuvent qu’engendrer discriminations et affaiblissement des droits fondamentaux. Ces propositions ne se contentent pas non plus de renouveler les vains appels à élever le niveau des économies des pays d’émigration pour tarir les volontés migratoires. L’idée que le développement économique des pays d’origine constituerait une alternative aux migrations qu’il s’agirait de contenir est en effet devenue largement obsolète. D’une part, parce que le développement actuel - caractérisé par le bouleversement des économies traditionnelles, la multiplication de puissants réseaux technologiques et sociaux de communication et l’épuisement des ressources de la biosphère - , loin de les tarir, ne fait qu’encourager les volontés migratoires. D’autre part, parce qu’en retour, les migrations elles- mêmes nourrissent ces dynamiques de développement vers une économie de plus en plus mondialisée. Les analyses présentées dans ce volume entendent d’abord rappeler quelques évidences sur le caractère naturel des migrations et leurs apports, tant pour les populations des pays d’accueil que d’origine. Mais surtout, elles invitent à penser plus globalement l’évolution des politiques migratoires comme un « symptôme » de la défaillance des modes actuels d’organisation des sociétés humaines. Dans le contexte d’une mondialisation libérale censée s’autoréguler mais qui, de fait, externalise ses coûts sur des populations assignées à résidence et privées de droits fondamentaux, la liberté de circulation dans l’égalité des droits apparaît ainsi comme la seule façon équitable de permettre à toute personne d’échapper aux déterminismes de son lieu de naissance. C’est aussi le seul levier qui oblige à dépasser les égoïsmes nationaux afin que les inégalités de « développement », le pillage des richesses et les déséquilibres environnementaux soient véritablement pris en compte.** *Ce recueil rassemble, autour des contributions de plusieurs intervenants à une journée d’étude organisée par le Gisti en novembre 2. La liberté de circulation : un droit, quelles politiques ? », quelques textes qui ont jalonné la réflexion du Gisti sur la liberté de circulation depuis le milieu des années 9. Longtemps « inaudibles », ces constats et ces analyses se veulent un outil pour contrer les politiques actuelles d’emmurement du monde et les tentatives d’assignation à résidence des populations du Sud. Au commencement du monde, alors que tout était commun à tous,chacun pouvait, à son gré, voyager et se rendre dans un pays quelconque. Vitoria, de indis, 1. Dès l’origine, la doctrine du droit international s’est interrogée sur la condition de l’étranger et sur l’articulation entre souveraineté de l’État et liberté de circulation. Si, au bout du compte, la liberté de circulation n’est toujours pas garantie en tant que telle par le droit international, les entraves qui y sont mises aujourd’hui remettent gravement en cause, au point de les vider de leur contenu, nombre de libertés et droits fondamentaux pourtant reconnus par la communauté internationale, par exemple le droit de chercher asile pour échapper à la persécution, le droit de ne pas être arbitrairement détenu ou le droit de ne pas subir des traitements « inhumains ou dégradants ». Toutes ces entraves se traduisent en termes de coûts, au niveau individuel et collectif, aussi bien pour les sociétés d’arrivée que pour celles de départ : coût en vies humaines, atteintes aux libertés, déstabilisations sociétales, coûts économiques sont inextricablement mêlés. Danièle Lochak Gisti, professeure de droit à l’université Paris Ouest- Nanterre La Défense. Si on analyse l’impact sur les droits fondamentaux des politiques d’immigration des États occidentaux, et plus particulièrement de la politique européenne d’immigration et d’asile, fondées sur la fermeture des frontières, on constate qu’elles produisent des effets à trois niveaux. Elles ont d’abord des conséquences sur la situation des étrangers installés régulièrement sur le territoire des États dits « d’accueil » ou qui ont vocation à s’y installer en entravant l’exercice normal d’un certain nombre de droits fondamentaux. On pense notamment aux obstacles mis à l’immigration de famille sous couvert d’intégration, à la politique restrictive de reconnaissance de la qualité de réfugié ou encore à la précarisation des bénéficiaires de l’immigration « choisie ». Elles ont aussi des répercussions sur la situation des migrants qui, notamment par l’effet de ces législations et de ces pratiques restrictives, se maintiennent ou sont maintenus en situation irrégulière, les régularisations ne se faisant qu’au compte- gouttes, « pour des motifs humanitaires ou économiques », selon la formule du Pacte européen pour l’immigration et l’asile. La plupart des droits sociaux sont refusés aux sans- papiers et ils ne sont pas toujours en mesure d’exercer les droits qui leur sont théoriquement reconnus, soit en raison des pratiques des services auxquels ils ont affaire, soit par crainte d’être dénoncés. Car la traque policière sous toutes ses formes - contrôles d’identité, visites domiciliaires, fichage, usage de la force, etc. - fait partie du lot quotidien des étrangers et prioritairement des sans- papiers. 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